What You Do Not Know About Literature Review Essay Topics

What You Do Not Know About Literature Review Essay Topics Taking a peek at what others have written previously will provide you with a very good idea about what depth and complexity is expected for your writing. Failure to supply perfect writing or content is likely to understand your work rejected. In any event, you'll end up with a killer review! Obviously, you would like to choose somebody who has everything required to create high high quality articles are extremely informative and optimized properly. Think imaginative and relate to the human environment if you wish to earn a thriving review. As a writer, you may create a review in many ways. For example, the sperm whale review could concentrate on the creation of the harpoon for whale hunting. Here's What I Know About Literature Review Essay Topics With a literature review, you're given a guide towards a particular topic. Conclusion If you would like to learn more about how to compose a literature review, the informat ion above will greatly help you. What's more, you might be requested to incorporate a literature review as a portion of a larger research paper. Our writers are cheap, trained and ready to aid you with writing a literature review that's totally superior. You must begin writing your review, so keep reading if you want to learn how to do exactly that. Writing a literature review is possibly the very best part of literature a student can work with. New Ideas Into Literature Review Essay Topics Never Before Revealed The thing to comprehend about SEO article writing is that it's only the practice of identification and the usage of keywords in the article body. So you've got to make certain that you fully understand the requirements not simply for what you will write but also how you are going to go about writing it. As soon as you've decided on the organizational process for the body of the review, the sections you want to include in the paper needs to be easy to work out. The narrower your topic is, the simpler it is going to be to limit the variety of sources you require in order to go through to find a great survey of th e material. Our custom made literature reviews aren't only of premium quality but also reasonably priced. With respect to hiring a service of writing the guide, it's important to make certain you simply secure new content that has not yet been used in combination with any other site. Items can likewise be ensured your website can be observed reporting on the newest news in your sector, or whatever will impact your business enterprise. The company literature review example we've availed on our site indicates a high amount of understanding of business for a core course in college. Characteristics of Literature Review Essay Topics At university you might be asked to compose a literature review as a way to demonstrate your knowledge of the literature on a specific topic. A literature review can be quite crucial in understanding current scenarios or future directions. If you are in need of a nursing literature review example to fit your course and research topic, you can buy it from us cheaply. If you're writing your literature review for an undergraduate level, then you ought to stick with the basics of the topics. The Death of Literature Review Essay Topics Whether you're writing your literature review as a portion of a research proposal or as an element of your dissertation or thesis it has to be written perfectly. If this is the case, you are in possession of a potential thesis about the literature. You might also be required to format your essay papers in particular writing styles which you are not familiarized with. When you have established the topic of your thesis, you are able to move on to gathering the pile of writings which you will utilize. For instance, if you will need to order a sociology research paper, be certain to read the sociology literature review example our writers have done previously. Our writers will be present to make sure that you get the assistance you should succeed with your paper. Our example essay writers also have been drawn from different academic discipline and thus various example essay can be located on our sites. The Basics of Literature Review Essay Topics You should pick a particular topic area that you're going to investigate and research within. You don't need a topic that's too narrow or one that has minimum research about it. As you'll need to do plenty of research later, we suggest that you decide on a topic that's of interest to you. After the student has selected an ideal topic then they must conceptualize the ideas associated with the selected topic. The focus and perspective of your review and the type of hypothesis or thesis argument you make will be set by what type of re view you're writing. There are more than a few reasons as to why you, exactly like numerous different students out there, choose to deal with the draining data collection and research work on your own. For many students, choosing the most suitable topic has become the most challenging part of making a literature review. Like every portion of the academic essay procedure, producing the ideal review takes time, work and practise.

Tricks For Cracking The Art Of Small Talk - 1192 Words

Tricks for cracking the art of small talk While small talk is an essential part of life, it is by no means easy. Even though you aren’t sharing deep thoughtful ideas, striking a conversation over nothing can actually be a lot harder. The good news is that there are clever ways you can crack the art of small talk. Be prepared Just like many things in life, excelling at small talk is all about preparation. If you have some plan and strategy to follow, you are more likely to feel more relaxed and give a better impression to the other person. Do some appropriate preparations depending on the situation where you are likely to have to do small talk. For example, if you are going for a party, you’d want to think about your connection with the host. This way, you can use it as an icebreaker when meeting new people – it’s most likely a topic you’ll be asked about as well. If you are going to an event, where you are likely to meet acquaintances you have met previously, it’s important to try remembering a few things about the person. For example, try to think whether they had any children or their profession, so that you can impress them by asking a casual question on these topics. You should also think a list of subjects you’d like to talk about and think about these before small talk situations. For example, try answering questions such as: †¢ What are your hobbies? †¢ What is your relation to the people at the event? †¢ What you been travelling recently or participated in anShow MoreRelatedSecurity Issues and Principles Research Paper6107 Words   |  25 Pagesand tattooing a shaved messengers head, letting his hair grow back, and then shaving it again when he arrived at his contact point. Steganography comes from the Greek steganos, or covered, and graphie, or writing. Synonymous to abstraction, the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages. Steganography takes cryptography a step farther by hiding an encrypted message so that no one suspects it exists. Ideally, anyone scanning your data willRead MoreModule 3 : Multiple Intelligences7519 Words   |  31 Pagessafely navigate their classroom and make friends with their peers. These are not always automatic, and may need to be taught to your students. Have discussions about what is the same or what is different. For example, ask the students if they can talk about the similarit ies between the letter ‘b’ or ‘d’. When you point out these differences, it helps your students to train their minds to look for the similarities and differences in what they can see. Visual Memory: Visual memory is defined asRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Armistead Maupins Tales of the City Series5085 Words   |  21 Pagesreaders back in 1976. It is because of this that each sub-story, or chapter in the book, is a self sustaining story in itself, more so than most chapter arranged narratives. This book is the first volume in a series, that chronicles the life of a small number of San Francisco residents. With each new chapter there is a personal development for the characters within. It is this sense of development that is most important for the continuity of Tales of the City. The development neatly meshes theRead MoreVideo Games Make You The Good Guy Essay9810 Words   |  40 Pagesexperience. Use your local library for more than the books. Most libraries have much to offer homeschooling families. For instance, libraries often hold lectures that anyone can attend on a variety of subjects. They are also a great resource for teaching art appreciation. At my local library, you can even borrow actual paintings to take home and study. For young children, there are story hours and fun activities where your child can interact with children their own age in a fun, safe setting. Many librariesRead MoreMost Basic and Frequently Asked Interview Questions and Answers10148 Words   |  41 Pageslabour/Corruption/Poverty? 10. Why do you want to leave your current job? 11. Describe the movie you have seen recently. 12. Tell me about a memorable/happiest/saddest day in your life. 13. Who is your role model, and why? 14. What is your favourite colour? Talk about it. 15. What will you do if you are not selected today? 16. What do you consider to be the important element of teamwork? 17. Tell me something about your favourite movie? 18. Who is your favourite player? And Why? 19. Tell me what you did sinceRead MoreCreativity in Advertising15483 Words   |  62 Pagesmedia for sellers seeking too find customers for their goods and services.† 2.2 Preference for advertising agency: * Expert services through skilled personnel: An advertising agency appoints expert staff such as copywriters, media planners, art designers and film makers. It provides expert services to the advertiser and offers the benefits of the services of experts in the field of advertising. This raises creativity in advertising. New ideas are introduced for making advertising consumer-orientedRead MoreMario and the Magician18314 Words   |  74 Pagesaverage humanity-a middle-class mob, which, you will admit, is not more charming under this sun than under one s own native sky. The voices these women have! It was sometimes hard to believe that we were in the land which is the western cradle of the art of song. Fuggiero! I can still hear that cry, as for twenty mornings long I heard it close behind me, breathy, full-throated, hideously stressed, with a harsh open e, uttered in accents of mechanical despair. Fuggiero! Rispondi almeno! AnswerRead MoreRed Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide50668 Words   |  203 Pagesvisual styles to draw attention to information that might otherwise be overlooked. Note Notes are tips, shortcuts or alternative approaches to the task at hand. Ignoring a note should have no negative consequences, but you might miss out on a trick that makes your life easier. Important Important boxes detail things that are easily missed: configuration changes that only apply to the current session, or services that need restarting before an update will apply. Ignoring a box labeled ImportantRead MoreThe boy in the stripped pajamas Full TEXT35455 Words   |  142 Pagesof four previous novels, The Thief of Time, The Congress of Rough Riders, Crippen and Next of Kin. His work has been translated into fourteen languages. He lives with his partner in Dublin. Acclaim for The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas: A small wonder of a book. A particular historical moment, one that cannot be told too often Guardian The Holocaust as a subject insists on respect, precludes criticism, prefers silence. One thing is clear: this book will not go gently into any goodRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesinnovation, and to the fresh thinking that is the root of innovation. It has dozens of simple tricks that any person and any team can use today to discover the new ideas that solve the important problems. Buy it now and read it tonight. Tomorrow you will learn more, create more, inspire more.† Chairman of the Executive Committee, Intuit Inc. â€Å" e Innovator’s DNA sheds new light on the once-mysterious art of innovation by showing that successful innovators exhibit common behavioral habits—habits

Fire Insurance Essay Example For Students

Fire Insurance Essay FIRE INSURANCE WHAT IS FIRE INSURANCE? Fire insurance is a contract under which the insurer in return for a consideration (premium) agrees to indemnify the insured for the financial loss which the latter may suffer due to destruction of or damage to property or goods, caused by fire, during a specified period. The contract specifies the maximum amount, agreed to by the parties at the time of the contract, which the insured can claim in case of loss. This amount is not, however, the measure of the loss. The loss can be ascertained only after the fire has occurred. The insurer is liable to make good the actual amount of loss not exceeding the maximum amount fixed under the policy. †¢ A  fire insurance  policy typically has four different coverage areas. The dwelling portion refers directly to the home itself. The coverage for the dwelling should always be enough to adequately replace the home. Rebuilding expenses are often determined based on the actual square footage of the home in question. The portion referring to other structures includes the coverage of  garages  or sheds that are not part of the dwelling itself and are considered a separate area. Personal property is considered a separate coverage area as well and includes the contents within the home that are not part of the dwelling itself, for example furniture, electronics, computer equipment, clothing and jewelry. Personal property items of considerable value should be specifically listed as part of the  fire insurance  policy, items that are not explicitly valued te nd to be compensated with a â€Å"standard† amount. †¢ The fourth coverage area relates to additional expenses that exceed the insured’s usual cost of living as a result of the fire damage. This can refer to the expenditures of  temporary housing among other things, all incurred when forced to live away from your residence during the process of rebuilding or repairing. These expenses need to be documented in order to receive reimbursement later. Usually there is a limit set for additional expenses claimed. WHAT ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF FIRE INSURANCE POLICIES? o Specific Policy: The insurer is liable to pay a set amount lesser than the property’s real value. In this policy, the property’s actual value is not considered to determine the indemnity. The average clause, which requires the insured to bear the loss to some extent, does not play a role in this policy. In case the insurer inserts the clause, the policy will be known as an average policy. o Comprehensive policy: This all-in-one policy indemnifies for loss arising out of fire, burglary, theft and third party risks. The policyholder may also get paid for the loss of profits incurred due to fire till the time the business remains shut. o Valued policy: This policy is a departure from the standard contract of indemnity. The amount of indemnity is fixed and the actual loss is not taken into consideration. Floating policy: This policy is subject to the ‘average clause’. The extent of coverage expands to different properties belonging to the policyholder under the same contract and one premium. o Replacement or Re-instatement policy: This policy is subject to the re-instatement clause, which requires the insurance company to pay for replacing the damaged propert y. So, instead of giving out cash, the insurer can re-instate the property as an alternative option. WHAT RISKS ARE COVERED IN FIRE INSURANCE? The Insurance Policy broadly covers losses due to: Fire, lightning, explosion and implosion Destruction or damage to the property insured by its own fermentation, natural heating or spontaneous combustion or its undergoing any heating or drying process cannot be treated as damage due to fire. For e. g. , paints or chemicals in a factory undergoing heat treatment and consequently damaged by fire is not covered. Lightning may result in fire damage or other types of damage, such as a roof broken by a falling chimney struck by lightning or cracks in a building due to a lightning strike. Both fire and other types of damages caused by lightning are covered by the policy. Explosion is defined as a sudden, violent burst with a loud report. An explosion is caused inside a vessel when the pressure within the vessel exceeds the atmospheric pressure acting externally on its surface. Implosion means bursting inward or collapse. This takes place when the external pressure exceeds the internal pressure. This policy, however, does not cover destruction or damage caused to the boilers (other than domestic boilers). Aircraft damage The loss or damage to the property (by fire or otherwise) directly caused by aircraft and other aerial devices and/ or articles dropped there from is covered. However, destruction or damage resulting from pressure waves caused by aircraft travelling at supersonic speed is excluded from the scope of the policy. Riot, strike, malicious damage and terrorism The act of any person taking part along with others in any disturbance of public peace (other than war, invasion, mutiny, civil commotion etc. ) is construed to be a riot, strike or a terrorist activity. Storm, tempest, flood and inundation Storm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Tornado and Hurricane are all various types of violent natural disturbances that are accompanied by thunder or strong winds or heavy rainfall. Physical Wellness: For anyone who has to write a g EssayExcess 5 % of every claim resulting from Lightning, Storm, Tempest, Flood and Inundation, Subsidence and Landslide Main Extension o Earthquake (Fire Shock) o Spontaneous Combustion o Deterioration of stocks in cold storage o Impact Damage due to own vehicles o Omission to insure additions o Architect, Surveyors Consulting engineer’s fees in excess of 3 % of claim amount o Debris removal in excess of 1 % of claim amount. HOW IS A FIRE INSURANCE CLAIM SETTLED? Fire Insurance is governed by All India Fire Tariff effective from 31. . 2001 issued by Tariff Advisory Committee, a Statutory Body. It is a commercial policy covering building, offices, machinery, contents and personal belongings of the office. It mitigates the risk of loss of customers arising from fire breakout. The insured should take all possible steps to minimize the loss. When insurance companies pay losses on claims it is either based on actual cash value or replacement value. Actual cash value commonly refers to the fair market value of the home at the time the loss or damage is incurred. Replacement value means the insured would be compensated for the entire cost or replacing, repairing, or rebuilding the home. Actual cash value can be considerably less than the replacement value and is usually less preferable. Calculation of Fire Insurance Amount/Premium: The market value of the property is considered while insuring the sum. The amount of premium depends on a number of factors and individual policies of different insurers. Fire Insurance Claim Procedure: ? The documents required for Fire Insurance Claim are: o True copy of the policy. o Report of fire brigade. Claim Form o Photographs o Past claims experience ? Individuals/corporates must inform insurer as early as possible, in no case later than 24 hours. ? Provide relevant information to the surveyor/claim representative appointed by the insurer. ? The surveyor then analyzes the extent/value of loss or damage. ? The claim process takes anywhere between one to three weeks. CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS (FIRE) INSURANCE POLICY / LOSS OF PROFIT POLICY: Fire and Special Perils Policy compensates only for Material Damage to the insured property. It specifically excludes any consequential loss. In case of a major loss caused by Fire, there could be an interruption in business operation leading to reduction in turnover finally resulting in possible loss of profits. However, standing or fixed charges continue to accrue regardless of whether there is any production or not. Such loss cannot be covered under Fire policy. Consequential Loss Policy compensates for the Revenue loss suffered by the enterprise. Hence, for complete protection to the business enterprise and its profitability Consequential Loss Policy is very essential in addition to Fire Insurance Policy. Scope of cover The Policy broadly covers loss of Net Profit on account of interruption of business, consequent upon Material Damage to property due to fire. It also covers standing charges which continue to be incurred during the period of interruption and the increase in cost of working necessarily and reasonably incurred to maintain the business as far as possible at its normal level, so that loss under net profit and standing charges is avoided or at least minimized. Sum Insured Sum to be insured under this policy is the estimated Gross Profit for the Indemnity Period selected. Indemnity Period is the maximum period beginning with the occurrence of the damage, for which cover of Loss of Gross Profit is required and should reflect the maximum period anticipated for reinstatement of the damaged property. The maximum indemnity period permissible under the policy is 3 years. Premium Basis rate depends on Fire Insurance premium rate. Final rate is influenced by Indemnity Period chosen. Significant Exclusions The Insurance Policy does not cover Loss of gross profits, which is not consequent upon property damage due to an insured peril. Loss due to material damage to property, difference between value of stock at the time of fire and the value at the time of subsequent replacement, deterioration of undamaged stock after fire. Main Extension Policy can be extended to suppliers’ and customers’ premises or public utilities, on which the business is dependent and cost of Auditors fees, required submitting claim on Insurer. COMPANIES PROVIDING FIRE INSURANCE POLICIES: ? United India Insurance Company Ltd. ? New India Assurance Company Ltd. ? ICICI Lombard ? Oriental Insurance Company Limited

Modified Invasive Weed Optimization with Dual Mutation Technique for Dynamic Economic Dispatch Essay Example

Modified Invasive Weed Optimization with Dual Mutation Technique for Dynamic Economic Dispatch Essay Dynamic economic dispatch (DED) is one of the main functions of power system operation and control. It determines the optimal operation of units with predicted load demands over a certain period of time with an objective to minimize total production cost while the system is operating within its ramp rate limits.This paper presents DED based on Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) technique for the determination of the global or near global optimum dispatch solution. In the present case, load balance constraints, operating limits, valve-point loading, ramp constraints, and network losses using loss coefficients are incorporated. Numerical results for a sample test system (10- unit) have been presented to demonstrate the performance and applicability of the proposed method. Index Terms dynamic economic dispatch, invasive weed optimization algorithm, non-smooth cost function, valvepoint effect.I. INTRODUCTION NE of the most important aspects of power system operation is its obligation to su pply power to the customers economically [1]. Power system economic load dispatch is the process of allocating generation among the available generating units subject to load and other operational constraints such that the cost of operation is minimum [2], [3]. And now a day’s quality requirements of power utilities are so severe, that the operators have to sort out possible means of minimizing the production cost so as to offer the most competitive price to its customers.This has led to the adoption of system models and other operational constraints more analogous to real life situations. Traditional optimization techniques can never accurately model the system according to mathematical solutions [4],[5]. To solve the DED problem, it is assumed that a thermal unit commitment has been *Corresponding Author Renu Sharma is with Dept of ICE, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751030 INDIA(e-mail: [emailprotected] com) Niranjan Nayak is with Elec trical Engg Dept, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1,Bhubaneswar,Orissa,751030INDIA(e-mail: iranjannayak. el. [emailprotected] com) Krishnanand K. R is with MDRC, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751030 INDIA(e-mail: [emailprotected] com), P. K. Rout is with Dept of EEE, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751030 INDIA(e-mail: [emailprotected] com), O 978-1-4673-0136-7/11/$26. 00  ©2011 IEEE previously determined [6]. DED considers the constraints imposed on the systems by the generator ramp rate limits because mathematically DED is considered as second–order dynamic optimization problem [6].To extend the life of equipments, the gradients for temperature and pressure inside the boiler and turbine should be kept within the limit. This mechanical constraint is transformed into a limit on the rate of increase or decrease of electrical power output . This limit is called ramp rate limit which disti nguishes DED from static economic dispatch problem [7]. The DED can be solved by dividing the total load dispatch period into a number of small intervals, during that period load demand is assumed to be constant, and the system is considered to be time invariant for that period.Traditional approach of a DED with N units and T time intervals would require the solution of an optimization problem of size N? T— a considerably more complex task. Recently, hybrid EPsequential quadratic programming (SQP) [6], deterministically guided PSO [8], and hybrid PSO-SQP [9] methods were proposed to solve the DED problem with non-smooth fuel cost functions. Simulated Annealing (SA) [10] has also been employed for the solution of the DED problem.The DED problem becomes heavily constrained as these utilize the traditional approach of a DED, in which power generation is coordinated for the entire dispatch period. Differential Evolution (DE) is also applied to solve these DED problems [11]. It is also a stochastic method to solve multi dimensional problems to find the global optimum value. The Invasive Weed Optimization technique [12] is a stochastic optimization method that is based on the simulation of production, mutation and spatial propagation of weeds. The philosophy behind the technique is justified by the fact that eeds exhibit uncanny adaptability and persistence in reproduction despite imposition of adverse conditions, including many methods to destroy them. It applies the seeding and mutation of the parent plant with varying the standard deviation keeping the mean at the parent plant. The dual mutation presented in this paper removes the monotony of the conventional weed optimization algorithm and causes multiple mutation distributions to contribute to the variety of the seeds produced in parallel in a particular iteration step.This causes the algorithm to search for global optimum through the hyperspace created by the problem at hand more stochastically. Even th e selection of the mutation process for a particular plant at a particular iteration has been randomized to overcome the demerit of single distribution method used in conventional IWO. The proposed time-varying process of mutation is such that there is very less chance of missing the global optimum value for high dimensional problems and also make searching very fast. A high dimensional problem, in hich each parameter has a different impact numerically on the total output of the system, is not vulnerable to yielding solutions easily to an algorithm that follows a definite distribution. So, a dual mutation technique can yield better solutions than a single one for problems like DED. instantaneous. However, under practical circumstances ramp rate limit restricts the operating range of all the online units for adjusting the generator operation between two operating periods. The generation may increase or decrease with corresponding upper and downward ramp rate limits.So, units are cons trained due to these ramp rate limits as mentioned below. If power generation increases, P ih Ph i 1 (7) If power generation decreases, A. Problem formulation (8) P h 1 P d DRi i ih The objective function corresponding to the production cost where P h-1 is the power generation of unit i at previous hour i can be approximated to be a quadratic function of the active and UR and DR are the upper and lower ramp rate limits i i power outputs from the generating units. Symbolically, it is respectively.The inclusion of ramp rate limits modifies the represented as generator operation constraints (6) as follows. Minimize Fc where II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM d URi  ¦Ã‚ ¦ F k 1 i 1 T NG ih (Pih ) $ (1) Fi h (Pi h ) a i Pi2h bi Pi h ci , i 1,2,3, , NG (2) dispatch. The cost function for unit with valve point loading effect is calculated by using is the expression for cost function Fi h (Pi h ) a i Pi2h b i Pi h c i e i sin f i h Pimin h Pi h (3) Where ei and fi are the cost coefficients c orresponding to valve point oading effect. Due to the valve point loading the solution may be trapped in the local minima and it also increases the non-linearity in the system. This constrained DED problem is subjected to a variety of constraints depending upon assumptions and practical implications. These include power balance constraints to take into account the energy balance; ramp rate limits to incorporate dynamic nature of DED problem and prohibited operating zones. These constraints are discussed as under. A. )Power Balance Constraints or Demand Constraints: This constraint is based on the principle of equilibrium between total system generation (? ) and total system loads (PD) and losses (PL). That is,  ¦P i 1 NG ih P Dh P Lh (4) where PLh is obtained using B- coefficients, given by PLh  ¦Ã‚ ¦ P B P ih ij i 1 j 1 NG NG jh (5) A. 2)The Generator Constraints: The output power of each generating unit has a lower and upper bound so that it lies in between these bounds. This constraint is represented by a pair of inequality constraints as follows: Pi min d Pih d Pi max 6) where, Pimin and Pimax are lower and upper bounds for power outputs of the ith generating unit in MW. A. 3) The Ramp Rate Limits: One of unpractical assumption that prevailed for simplifying the problem in many of the earlier research is that the adjustments of the power output are max( , ? ) ? min( , ? ) (9) A. 4) Fitness Function To evaluate the fitness of each individual in the population in order to minimize the fuel costs while satisfying unit and system constraints, the following fitness-function model is adopted for simulation in this article: ?F (P ) + ? ? ? P ? f =? 2 2 ? P ? P P . +? ? (10) . . . where ? and ? are penalty parameters. The penalty term reflects the violation of the equality constraint and assigns a high cost of penalty function. The Prlim is defined by P ( ) ? DR , P lt; P ( ) ? DR P ( ) + UR , P gt; P ( ) + UR P = P , otherwise (11) III MODIFIED INVASIVE WEED OPTIMIZATION Invasive Weed Optimization is a numerical stochastic search algorithm simulating the natural behaviour of weed colonizing in search domains for optimization of mathematically modeled systems.Adapting with their environments, invasive weed cover spaces of opportunity left behind by improper tillage; followed by enduring occupation of the field. They reproduce rapidly by making seeds and raise their population. Their behaviour changes with time as the colony become dense leaving lesser opportunity of life for the ones with lesser fitness. B. Details about the algorithm: B. 1 Initialization A random initial population is being dispersed over the D dimensional problem space uniformly within the lower and the upper limit which is considered as the initial solution.B. 2 Reproduction A potential solution represented by a row vector in the population of weeds (represented by the whole matrix) is allowed to produce seeds depending on its own fitness as compared to the lowest and highest fitness in the population at that iteration point. The number of seeds shows linear increase in production from minimum possible seed production to its maximum being a function of the fitness of the plant. So, a plant will produce seeds based on its fitness, the colonys lowest fitness and highest which increases linearly as shown in the figure 1. Fig. Reproduction of seeds in proposed invasive weed optimization algorithm nonlinear modulation index. ?initial(k) and ? final(k) are initial and final standard deviations respectively. The conventional IWO follows a singular mutation process. The mutated plants are obtained from parent plants which act as the mean of the normal distribution. ?m M ? ,? t (15) The equation describing this behavior is: ?plant ?min  § ? ceil ? ? plant u max ? ? max  © ?min ? min  · ? ? ? (12) where ? min and ? max are the set values for minimum and maximum number of seeds which can be produced, respectively. ?min and ? ax are the minimum and ma ximum of the objective function values for a particular set of population for a given iteration, respectively. ?plant is the number of seeds to be produced for a given plant whose objective function value is ? plant. This makes the procedure to concentrate on the highest fitness values in the search domain and hence increases convergence towards the group best value. The fittest weeds survive and reproduce in the next generation whereas the worst ones are eliminated from the growth process. B. 3 Spatial Dispersal Randomness and adaptation in the algorithm is provided in this part.The generated seeds are being randomly distributed over the D dimensional search space by normally distributed random numbers with mean equal to zero; but varying variance. The well-known normal distribution has a probability density function which can be represented as (x ? )2 where ? mis the mutated plant, ? is a random number which follows normal distribution with mean as ? and standard deviations as in the set of ? t. In this modified Invasive Weed algorithm, the mutation follows a dual strategy. The mutation strategy is selected randomly using a uniform random variable.A mutation process selection factor (Pm) is used to bias the mutation towards a particular distribution. For mutation of the seed, the parent weed of that seed itself is the mean for the normal distribution and the standard deviation of the random function used is given by ? t(k) which is time-varying with respect to time step t. The seeds (or vectors) that satisfy the selection using Pm undergo either the simple Gaussian mutation or they are mutated by a shifted and scaled Gaussian mutation operation. This operation gives a parallel probable search strategy to the algorithm.The mutated seeds produced by both the methods carry out parallel search in the D dimensional search space following their respective probabilistic mutation distributions. ?m ( 1 ? t )? ?M(? t )? t? (16) y f ( x) e 2? ? 2? 2 (13) where x is the random variable,  µ is the mean and ? is the standard deviation. This means that seeds will be randomly distributed such that they abode near to the parent plant which results in a thorough search around the parental domain. However, standard deviation (? ), of the random function will be reduced from a previously defined initial value, ? initial, to a final value, ? inal, for each variable in every generation as the procedure converges to the best fitness value. For each variable in the kth position of the weed, standard deviation is given by ? t(k) (itermax t)n (itermax )n (? initial(k) ? final(k) ) ? final(k) (14) where itermax is the maximum number of iterations, ? t(k) is the standard deviation at the present time step (t) and n is the where ? m is the mutated seed, ? is the original seed of the parent weed , ? is the scaling factor and ? is a random number which follows normal distribution with mean as zero and standard deviations as in the set of ? . The shifting and scali ng being dependent on the number of iterations completed makes the algorithm more explorative in the beginning of the iteration. This implies that the mutated seed dispersion is well spread all across the D dimensional space limited by ? min and ? max in the beginning. Later, as the iteration progresses, the standard deviation value gradually decreases and the algorithm becomes more exploitative in nature, thereby making maximum use of the existing superior solutions for local search. The seeds are now considered as grown weed plants which have undergone mutation.B. 4 Selection If the plant produce inferior seeds, then it would not survive, otherwise the seeds which are superior among their population, can cover a large area in huge numbers. Thus, there is a need of some kind of competition between plants for limiting maximum number of plants in a colony for practical implementation of the algorithm in a machine with limited memory. After passing a few iterations, the number of plan ts in a colony will reach its maximum by fast reproduction, however, it is expected that the fitter plants have been reproduced more than undesirable plants.By reaching the maximum number of plants in the colony, Pmax, a mechanism for eliminating the plants with poor fitness in the generation is applied. When the maximum number of weeds in a colony is reached, each weed is allowed to produce seed as mentioned in reproduction. The produced seeds are then allowed to spread over the search area. When all seeds have found their position in the search area they are ranked together with their parents (as a colony of weeds). Next, weeds with lower fitness are eliminated to reach the maximum allowable population in a colony.In this way, plants and offspring are ranked together and the ones with better fitness survive and are allowed to replicate. This mechanism gives a chance to the plants with lower fitness to reproduce, and if their offspring has a good fitness in the colony then they can survive. The population control mechanism also is applied to their offspring to the end of a given run, realizing competitive exclusion and better selection. C. Invasive Weed Optimization for solving DED problem The IWO algorithm applied for solving the DED problem is summarized below: C. Generation of initial Condition: Within the range specified for each generating unit, initial conditions have to be generated randomly. In the DED problem, the initial population is the initial random real power outputs of the generators. The population is denoted as Pik, where N is the total number of generating units (i = 1,2,†¦N) and k shows the time intervals (in hours) (k = 1,2†¦. 24). A single potential schedule can be denoted as: Potential Schedule PN ,1 ? (17)  »  » P , k PN , k  » i  »  » P ,24 PN ,24  » i ?A single schedule can be passed to the objective function to estimate the cost per day using the mathematical input-output relations of the system. To ac commodate each schedule as a row vector in the population, the schedules are reshaped as row vectors and a population of such row vectors is formed as given below. Population P ,1 i 1 1 1 ? P 11 PN ,1 P 1k PN , k P 124 PN , 24 ? 1, 1, 1,  »  «  »  « r r r  « P ,r1 PN ,1 P ,rk PN , k P ,r24 PN , 24  » 1 1 1  »  «  »  «  « P NP P NP P NP P NP P NP P NP  » 1,1 1, k 1, 24 N ,1 N ,k N , 24 ?  ¬ (18) where NP is the population size (r = 1, 2, †¦, NP). After generating initial population each individual (each row) is evaluated by passing to the fitness function and the cost is calculated. C. 2 Reproduction: After calculating the cost of each individual, the individual (the row) which gives the minimum cost and satisfies all the constraints is selected as the best individual. The individual having the highest objective value including the penalties is considered as the most inferior solution.Then a linear slope is computed accordin g to which the plants in the population reproduce. The individual giving less cost will reproduce more and the individual giving high cost will reproduce less. C. 3Mutation and dispersal: The feasible solutions for the generating units are mutated using the probabilistic dual mutation so that the new generating units will satisfy all the constraints and get the least cost. The mutation is done according to the time-varying standard deviation. The mutation process should be such that the new generating unit should not deviate much from the parent. C. Evaluation of each plant: Each individual or plant in the population is evaluated using the fitness function of the problem to minimize the fuel-cost function. The automatic satisfaction of power balance constraint is attempted by allocating the biggest generator the mismatched power. This step is applied only when the loss coefficients are not considered. In case of transmission losses, the loss itself being a function of generated powe r cannot be used easily to find the mismatched power. Equation (10) is used to evaluate the schedule inclusive of penalty for each schedule in the population.C. 5Termination Criteria: When the iterations are completed, the program is terminated and the best dispatch schedule is stored which satisfies all the constraints. IV SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Here the IWO technique is applied to solve the DED for 10 unit system to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The experiment is carried out on a computer having Intel Core 2 Duo processor with 3 GHz clock-speed and 3GB RAM. The simulation software used for this purpose was MATLAB 7. 7. The data for the simulation of DED problem was taken from [13].The proposed IWO algorithm uses 8 control parameters like initial population size, maximum seed population, minimum seed population, modulation index(n), mutation process selection factor (Pm), initial standard deviation , final standard deviation and number of generations. By taking 25 trials, the best solution obtained for the problem is compared with the recently reported best results. The parameters taken for the IWO algorithms are: Initial population size(NP) = 20, maximum seed population(? max) = 10, minimum seed population(? in) = 4, modulation index(n) = 3, mutation process selection factor (Pm)= 0. 5, initial standard deviation(? initial) = 5, final standard deviation(? final) = 10-2 and number of generations(itermax)= 1000. Problem : Ten Unit System The 10 unit DED is done using this method to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The results are compared with the results given in [14]. The data for this is taken as given in [13]. The dispatch horizon is chosen as one day with 24 intervals. The parameters taken for this problem are P = 20, Max_P = 10, Min_P = 4, NG = 1000.The DED problem of the ten-unit system is solved by the proposed method in order to compare the results of the proposed method with Artificial Immune System (AIS) optimi zation as reported in the literature [14]. The load demand of the system is divided in the 24 intervals. The system data for the ten-unit system is taken from [13]. The simulation results are tabulated in Table 1. Table 2 provides comparison of the optimal system costs obtained from ?P 1,1  «  «  «Pk 1,  «  «  «P  ¬ 1,24 cost value $/h different methods. The convergence curve for the best solution of proposed IWO approach is shown in Fig 2.For the scalability of the problem the loss component B is taken into account and hence the equality constraint becomes more difficult to handle. The total time interval is divided into 24 hours and load pattern is taken according to that. The minimum total fuel cost obtained by the proposed method is 2,519,528$/24 hr compare to the best result so far by AIS as 2,519,700 $/24 hour with a difference of saving 172. 0 $/24 hr. generation schedule which results in lower generating cost per day. . x 10 7 7 6 IWO Convergence curve 5 4V C ONCLUSION 3 Dynamic Economic Dispatch is a complex optimization problem whose importance may increase as competition in 2 power generation intensifies due to deregulated power markets. This paper introduces a new modified IWO method 1 for the ramp rate limits and valve-point effect constrained 0 DED problem solution. The modified invasive optimization 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 No. of iterations implements dual probabilistic mutation and achieves better optimization by stochastically covering the hyperspace to Fig. 2. Simulation result of 10-generators system search.The comparisons of the results with other published techniques are reported in the literature. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the proposed technique in obtaining Table 1. Best solution of the proposed method Hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 P1(MW) 150. 4915 151. 0248 155. 2633 159. 7511 153. 4732 153. 2182 204. 7939 195. 8612 272. 4122 297. 0429 319. 9452 385. 5101 313. 0808 234. 2543 184. 2666 151. 6680 154. 6041 162. 0087 240. 4552 310. 5014 258. 4640 181. 6952 150. 3830 150. 2623 P2(MW) 135. 1026 135. 0950 143. 0757 144. 3443 140. 9293 175. 776 174. 3308 252. 7589 326. 0599 399. 7379 469. 1870 464. 6516 428. 3641 355. 0360 279. 4530 202. 1231 140. 3212 186. 1483 255. 0652 330. 0797 318. 5077 241. 5924 174. 7700 136. 0135 P3(MW) 150. 2901 177. 6299 251. 5504 311. 8992 281. 3345 333. 7739 336. 7093 338. 2089 338. 9737 336. 7214 338. 6820 337. 5278 339. 1240 339. 9914 339. 9695 306. 4620 283. 4979 304. 0022 311. 6329 339. 9473 338. 8327 259. 7133 228. 2250 153. 5858 P4(MW) 98. 7395 111. 1656 156. 9066 199. 1548 249. 0843 283. 4221 291. 9328 298. 8934 298. 1071 299. 6439 299. 3690 294. 7837 295. 8531 295. 9855 295. 8928 281. 926 261. 6619 288. 1384 299. 1992 291. 5209 299. 9920 260. 7732 246. 8937 240. 0228 P5(MW) 121. 4557 169. 9773 179. 2562 188. 7567 227. 5455 225. 7110 234. 1186 226. 3429 242. 6844 240. 9616 242. 9848 229. 4 335 240. 1859 227. 1472 242. 4442 240. 8853 235. 3062 235. 3486 231. 5476 242. 3394 242. 1989 237. 9403 189. 6318 140. 3746 P6(MW) 98. 3668 121. 7723 109. 5705 149. 3983 137. 0117 153. 2218 156. 2518 156. 3649 157. 5010 159. 0699 159. 4658 155. 8409 159. 8308 159. 9426 157. 2568 109. 0791 140. 0261 154. 0252 153. 5088 159. 2086 158. 2292 150. 6278 108. 5308 126. 6570 P7(MW) 101. 6669 125. 648 129. 1000 117. 4661 127. 3838 129. 4003 125. 2603 129. 1870 129. 8214 125. 5839 125. 6191 129. 6900 129. 8789 129. 2933 129. 9828 105. 1355 122. 7111 129. 9112 126. 4452 129. 0948 128. 3704 129. 7649 122. 1082 109. 8106 P8(MW) 81. 1441 61. 0316 76. 2356 83. 2820 98. 8998 105. 5534 119. 0414 104. 9613 118. 1167 119. 5519 116. 3985 119. 6392 116. 5446 119. 9611 93. 6535 118. 0159 90. 5640 112. 0406 106. 4538 115. 1262 119. 9239 105. 6221 83. 2299 72. 3638 P9(MW) 76. 6946 49. 8180 44. 1354 54. 6277 59. 9467 73. 0904 71. 2933 78. 4389 56. 4680 69. 5797 78. 5597 75. 6848 79. 8530 78. 4228 62. 935 51 . 3785 42. 2058 65. 9938 56. 7163 79. 6004 78. 6781 62. 4106 36. 7102 43. 8847 41. 7367 29. 8035 41. 7912 33. 3706 44. 0918 43. 3930 41. 7012 53. 9213 54. 8869 54. 1215 44. 2887 50. 5046 54. 0427 54. 9820 50. 0674 32. 3056 48. 8717 38. 8290 54. 3642 49. 8063 51. 5183 46. 9295 23. 9500 36. 4389 5000 P10(MW)) Table 2. Comparison of results for problem Total fuel cost ($/24hr) 2,519,528 2,519,700 2,572,200 2,585,400 Cost difference with proposed approach ($/24 hr) -172 52672 65872 [14] M. Basu, Artificial immune system for dynamic economic dispatch, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 3, pp. 131-136,2011. VII BIOGRAPHIES Prof. Renu Sharma received her BE in Electrical and Electronics from BIET,Davangere, Karnataka and MEE degree from the Jadavpur University, India in 1998 and in 2006 respectively. Presently, she is working as an Associate Professor and HOD in the ICE Department, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University. She is pursuing her PhD in Power Systems and her field of interest includes Evolutionary Computation, Biomedical Instrumentation and Soft Computing Techniques Applied to Power System Optimisation. Prof Niranjan Nayak received his M. Tech. egree from VSSUT, Burla in the Power System Engg Presently, he is working as an Asst. Professor and in the Electrical Engg Department, ITER, Siksha ‘O’Anusandhan University. He ispursuing his PhD inControl Systems and his field of interest includes Soft Computing Application to Power System Control , Power Quality and Renewable Energy. Method Proposed IWO AIS [14] PSO[14] EP[14] VI REFERENCES [1]. K. P. Wong and Y. W. Wong, â€Å"Genetic and genetic/simulated-annealing approaches to economic dispatch,† IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib. , vol. 141, no. 5, September 1994. K. P. Wong and C.C. Fung, â€Å"Simulated annealing based economic dispatch algorithm,† IEE Proc. -C, vol. 140, no. 6, November 1993. W. G. Wood, â€Å"Spinning reserve constrained static and dynamic ec onomic dispatch,† IEEE Trans. PAS, pp. 381, February 1982. X. S. Han, H. B. Gooi and D. S. Kirschen,â€Å"Dynamic economic dispatch: Feasible and optimal solutions,† IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 22–28, February 2001. S. Kirkpatrick, G. D. Gelatt, Jr. , and M. P. Vecchi, â€Å"Optimization by simulated annealing,† Science, vol. 220, pp. 671–680, 1983. P. Attaviriyanupap, H. ,Kita, E. Tanaka, and J.Hasegawa, â€Å"A hybrid EP and SQP for dynamic economic dispatch with nonsmooth fuel cost function,† IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 411–416, May 2002. D. W. Ross and S. Kim, â€Å"Dynamic economic dispatch of generation,† IEEE Trans. PAS,p. 2060, November/December 1980. T. A. A. Victoire, and A. E. Jeyakumar, â€Å"Deterministically guided PSO for dynamic dispatch considering valvepoint effect,† Elect. Power Syst. Res. , vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 313–322, March 2005. T. A. A. Victoire, and A. E. , Jeyakumar, â€Å"Reserve constrained dynamic dispatch of units with valve-point effects,† IEEE Trans. Power Syst. vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1273–1282, August 2005. C. K. Panigrahi, P. K. Chattopadhyay, R. N. Chakrabarti, and M. Basu, â€Å"Simulated annealing technique for dynamic economic dispatch,† Elect. Power Compon. Syst. , vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 577–586, May 2006. R. Balamurugan and S. Subramanian,â€Å"Differential Evolution-based Dynamic Economic Dispatch of Generating Units with Valve-point Effects†, Electric Power Components and Systems,vol. 36:pp. 828–843, 2008. A. R. Mehhrabian, C. Lucas, A novel numerical optimization algorithm inspired from weed colonization, Ecological Informatics, Elsevier Science, vol. , pp. 355-366, 2006. M. Basu, Dynamic economic emission dispatch using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm- II, Electrical Power and Energy Systems vol. 30 ,pp. 140-149, 2008. [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. Krishnanand K. R. received h is BTech in Electrical and Electronics from the Biju Patnaik University of Technology and is currently working as a Senior Research Associate (SRA) in Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University. His field of interest includes Evolutionary Computation, Digital Protection, Power Quality and Application of Soft Computing Techniques to Power System Optimisation. 7] [8] [9] Dr(Prof)P. K. Rout received his ME degree from the Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India in 1995 and PhD from the Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa, India in 2010. Presently, he is working as a Professor and HOD in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. His interests are in Soft Computing Applications to Power System Control, Power Quality and Renewable Energy. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Why You Should Use Reusable Shopping Bags

Why You Should Use Reusable Shopping Bags The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer â€Å"paper or plastic† for your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying, â€Å"neither.† Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls the landscape and kill thousands of marine animals every year that mistake the floating bags for food. Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to 1,000 years to break down, and in the process, they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles that contaminate soil and water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating. Is Paper Better Than Plastic? Paper bags, which many people consider a better alternative to plastic bags, carry their own set of environmental problems. For example, according to the American Forest and Paper Association, in 1999 the U.S. alone used 10 billion paper grocery bags, which adds up to a lot of trees, plus a lot of water and chemicals to process the paper. Reusable Bags Are a Better Option But if you decline both paper and plastic bags, then how do you get your groceries home? The answer, according to many environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after each use. You can find a good selection of high-quality reusable bags online, or at most grocery stores, department stores, and food co-operatives. Experts estimate that 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed and discarded annually worldwide- more than a million per minute. Here are a few facts about plastic bags to help demonstrate the value of reusable bags to consumers and the environment: Plastic bags are not biodegradable. They actually go through a process called photodegradation- breaking down into smaller and smaller toxic particles that contaminate both soil and water, and end up entering the food chain when animals accidentally ingest them.According to the Environmental Protection Agency, more than 380 billion plastic bags are used in the United States every year. Of those, approximately 100 billion are plastic shopping bags, which cost retailers about $4 billion annually.According to various estimates, Taiwan consumes 20 billion plastic bags annually (900 per person), Japan consumes 300 billion bags each year (300 per person), and Australia consumes 6.9 billion plastic bags annually (326 per person).Hundreds of thousands of whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and other marine mammals die every year after eating discarded plastic bags they mistake for food.Discarded plastic bags have become so common in Africa they have spawned a cottage industry. People there collec t the bags and use them to weave hats, bags, and other goods. According to the BBC, one such group routinely collects 30,000 bags every month. Plastic bags as litter have even become commonplace in Antarctica and other remote areas. According to David Barnes, a marine scientist with the British Antarctic Survey, plastic bags have gone from being rare in the late 1980s and early 1990s to being almost everywhere in Antarctica. Some governments have recognized the severity of the problem and are taking action to help combat it. Strategic Taxes Can Cut Plastic Bag Use In 2001, for example, Ireland was using 1.2 billion plastic bags annually, about 316 per person. In 2002, the Irish government imposed a plastic bag consumption tax (called a PlasTax), which has reduced consumption by 90 percent. The tax of $.15 per bag is paid by consumers when they check out at the store. Besides cutting back on litter, Ireland’s tax has saved approximately 18 million liters of oil. Several other governments around the world are now considering a similar tax on plastic bags. Governments Use the Law to Limit Plastic Bags More recently, Japan passed a law that empowers the government to issue warnings to merchants that overuse plastic bags and don’t do enough to â€Å"reduce, reuse, or recycle.† In Japanese culture, it is common for stores to wrap each item in its own bag, which the Japanese consider a matter of both good hygiene and respect or politeness. Companies Making Tough Choices Meanwhile, some eco-friendly companies- such as Toronto’s Mountain Equipment Co-op- are voluntarily exploring ethical alternatives to plastic bags, turning to biodegradable bags made from corn. The corn-based bags cost several times more than plastic bags, but are produced using much less energy and will break down in landfills or composters in four to 12 weeks. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Elision in English Language and Phonetics

Elision in English Language and Phonetics In phonetics and phonology, elision is the omission of a sound (a phoneme) in speech. Elision is common in casual conversation. More specifically, elision may refer to the omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable. This omission is often indicated in print by an apostrophe. Verb: elide. Etymology is from the Latin, to strike out. Examples and Observations Elision of sounds can . . . be seen clearly in contracted forms like isnt (is not), Ill (I shall/will), whos (who is/has), theyd (they had, they should, or they would), havent (have not) and so on. We see from these examples that vowels or/and consonants can be elided. In the case of contractions or words like library (pronounced in rapid speech as /laibri/), the whole syllable is elided. (Tej R Kansakar, A Course in English Phonetics. Orient Blackswan, 1998) The Nature of Reduced ArticulationIt is easy to find examples of elision, but very difficult to state rules that govern which sounds may be elided and which may not. Elision of vowels in English usually happens when a short, unstressed vowel occurs between voiceless consonants, e.g. in the first syllable of perhaps, potato, the second syllable of bicycle, or the third syllable of philosophy...It is very important to note that sounds do not simply disappear like a light being switched off. A transcription such as /Ã ¦ks/ for acts implies that the /t/ phoneme has dropped out altogether, but detailed examination of speech shows that such effects are more gradual: in slow speech the /t/ may be fully pronounced, with an audible transition from the preceding /k/ and to the following /s/, while in a more rapid style it may be articulated but not given any audible realisation, and in very rapid speech it may be observable, if at all, only as a rather early movement of the tongue blade towar d the /s/ position. (Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006 From Iced Tea to Ice TeaAn elision is the omission of a sound for phonological reasons ..: cause (also spelled cos, cos, coz) from because; focsle from forecastle; or ice tea from iced tea (in which -ed is pronounced /t/ but omitted because of the immediately following /t/). (John Algeo, Vocabulary, in The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume IV, ed. by Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge University Press, 1999) From Iced Cream to Ice Cream[Ice cream] is an extremely common term and no one these days, I believe, would be tempted to describe the confection as iced cream - and yet this was its original description. . . . With time, however, the -ed ending eroded. In pronunciation, it would have been swallowed very early and eventually, this was reflected in the way it was written. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) WannaIn North and South, Mr. [John] Jakes is careful to keep his elisions within quotation marks: Im sure, Capn, says a farmer in his novel, and a stevedore calls a young soldier a sojer boy....Stephen Crane, in his Maggie, a Girl of the Streets, in 1896 pioneered wanna in literature with I didn wanna give im no stuff. The spelling is designed to recreate the way the spoken word pounds, shapes and knocks about the original words. (William Safire, The Elision Fields. The New York Times Magazine, August 13, 1989)

Post-Confederation of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post-Confederation of Canada - Essay Example Rowell-Sirois Commission (1937, report 1940) The famous great depression of 1930’s also affected Canada and it was due to the urgent need to address the economic challenges that faced the country that the Rowell-Sirois Commission was formed in 1937. The Commission was formed to devise permanent solutions that can prevent the country from experiencing another depression as it had been witnessed during the 1930s. The report, which the commission handed over to the government in 1940, is significant in the Canadian history since it is the report, which recommended that the federal government take full charge of workers’ pension scheme. Secondly, it is this report that made the federal government take full control of the unemployment insurance. Secondly, it recommended that the federal government create equalization payments and the disbursement of funds by the federal government to the provincial governments on a yearly basis. William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874-1950) Willia m Lyon Mackenzie commonly referred to as Mackenzie King was Canada’s 10th Prime Minister and the longest serving Prime Minister in Canada’s history who served for 22 years between 1921 through to 1948. According to political analysts, Mackenzie King did not have typical personal attributes of a great leader especially when compared to the his peers during this era, however, he was able to serve as the longest Prime Minister because of the wide variety of skills that he possessed, which resonated with the needs that Canada had during his era. He is most significant to the Canadian history because during his tenure he laid the foundation of the Canadian welfare state. Person’s case (1929) Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy and Irene Parlby, (the famous 5s), presented a petition on 18th October 1927that requested the Governor General to issue a directive to the Supreme Court in order for them determine whether women had the right or if they were eligible to become Senator under the British North America Act. This is because up until that time, women were regarded as â€Å"persons† who could not hold public offices as Canada Senators. The ruling in this petition is significant to the Canadian history as it recognized women as persons who were eligible for appointment to the Canadian Senate and it set forth the establishment of various women rights. NAFTA (1994) The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement that was signed by the United States, Mexico, and Canada on 1st January, 1994 creating a trilateral trading block in North America. The agreement was signed by the three countries in order to boost investment and trading between the three countries by eliminating some of the trade barrier that had previously existed in the region. According to economists, this agreement is particularly important in the Canadian history as it enabled the country to trade more thus boosts its gross domestic p roduct and overall economic condition. Louis Riel As previously mentioned, Louis Riel spearheaded the establishment of the government for the Province of Manitoba, and it is further noted that he was also a key figure in the Canadian history since he was the political and spiritual leader of the Metis people of the Canadian prairies. Louis Riel is also significant in the Canadia

Comprehensive Classroom Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comprehensive Classroom Technology - Essay Example The initial step in implementing a comprehensive classroom technology plan involves identifying the resources available an individual. These include academic games that could be available for every core subject at every grade level. In addition, one could have available digital devices, classroom online tutoring access, and projectors that use either SMART boards or screens. Finally, another resource that teachers can take advantage, involves the ability to perform student assessments to be completed using computer software in formative and summative form. The following step in the comprehensive classroom technology plan involves the establishment of a communication plan. The teacher will be required to have a communication plan that is established in order for parents, members of the school’s academic community, and students have the capability of communicating among themselves. For instance, the teacher can implement a communication plan through the creation of a class websi te that suits the purpose. In this website, the teacher can have class page with separate links for all students in his/her class, as well as links for parents. In addition, the teacher should provide a personalized password for every link to ensure that the privacy and integrity of each user is maintained. Lastly, the teacher is capable of saving parents’ contact information for emergency purposes. The next step in the teacher’s comprehensive classroom technology plan involves the implementation of internet security within their classroom. Through the internet, teachers have accessed wonderful learning tools, although this has also come with risks and ethical concerns regarding its use for students in every grade. The World Wide Web has provided the opportunity for inappropriate, unsafe, and even illegal behavior for students across the grades. It is essential that students be taught critical thinking skills and knowledge that is needed in order to become responsible users of the internet. Internet security in the classroom can be implemented in two major ways that require the school to provide classes or training for internet security. These training sessions should also be available for the students’ parents. In these sessions, the students would be taught about the proper use of the internet, ethical issues, and internet safety. In addition, the students would be required to know how to maintain the integrity of their passwords. Internet security training could also address copyright violations and wrong use of intellectual property. A class User Agreement would turn out to be a preferable starting point, it would specify the activities that are acceptable and those internet practices that threaten internet security and ethics. Finally, in order to implement a successful comprehensive classroom technology plan, the teacher would need to use this technology to assess his/her students. They can use technology to develop assignments, in a ddition to using, it as a tool for collaboration, problem solving, and inquiry, which makes it an integral part of the learning process, as an alternative of an isolated part of the school’s curriculum. Because the available technology for students and teachers is vast, both formative and summative assessments are possible. It should also be required, of the students, to use technology when doing their personal work.

Belonging Essay on Strictly Ballroom & the Sisters Anthology Essay Example for Free

Belonging Essay on Strictly Ballroom the Sisters Anthology Essay â€Å"An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging.† The intrinsic nature of mankind strives for a sense of belonging; this sense of belonging is fulfilled when one has reached a physical or emotional affinity with an entity. One’s sense of belonging emerges from positive and negative experiences and notions of identity, relationships, understanding and acceptance. Moreover, positive connections allow one to feel security, acceptance and input meaning into their lives. In contrast, negative connections are the reverse; one may feel alienated, depressed and feel a need to create or deteriorate a personal or cultural identification. Positive and negative interactions, imparting an essential role in influencing one’s sense of personal, familial and social belonging is effectively explored in Baz Luhrmann’s romantic comedy film Strictly Ballroom (1992) and the anthology Sisters. An authority figure, head of an organisation, expectations of conformity by followers negatively affects the followers’ or one’s sense of personal belonging. Luhrmann’s Strictly Ballroom effectively undertakes the exploration of this idea through the portrayal of the young ‘non-conformist’ Scott Hastings struggle to win the Pan Pacifics competition by the pursuit of his own personal dance; a rebellious action ensured to disrupt the natural order of the Australian Dance federation or ballroom dancing world, operated by the corruptive Barry Fife. As Scott throws his polka dot t-shirt in a corner of the studio revealing a simple shirt underneath, this is a simultaneous suggestion of his ‘breaking away’ from his old ballroom partnership with Liz and reliance on ‘flashy clothes’ to self-express himself in ballroom dance; further suggesting that his sense of belonging towards traditional ballroom dance has been shifted into feeling a sense of belonging towards his own personal dance. An agreement on a partnership ensues when both Scott and Fran, a girl with a Spanish background, share similar desire s to dance non-federation steps at the Pan Pacifics. However, Barry attempts to deceive Scott into dancing the traditional federation steps at the Pan Pacific’s. He asserts: â€Å"We are hoping you will win the trophy that he could not. He wouldn’t want me to do this, but I’m begging you, dance with Liz.† The natural lighting on Scott and his long-sleeved, loose cotton white shirt effectively capturing his youth and grace and illustrating a sense of freedom contrasts to Barry, as a dim light surrounds him and he is wearing a  formal black suit that hints towards self restriction. Lurhmann has intentioned this to foreshadow what style of dance will prevail in the Pan Pacifics and to demonstrate the freedom that follows with choosing not to conform, and, to highlight the imbalance of power, encouraging audience empathy for Scott. After Scott does not see through the deception and familial belonging drives him into agreeing to dance federation steps instead of pursuing his own personal style in the Pan Pacific’s he is inevitably affected in a way, as his sense of personal belonging received through his personal non- federation dancing is limited. An individual who has undertaken a physical transformation into a more appealing image by another individual can positively influence their sense of social and physical belonging. This notion is effectively explored in Lurhmann’s Strictly Ballroom (1992) through the portrayal of Fran’s progression from a meek unattractive woman into the ideal representation of a female ballroom dancer. Luhrmann’s constant use of high power shot when filming her on her parts by herself and the symbolic meaning of her glasses of meekness in comparison to the norm, reflect on her little power. Fran’s unattractiveness as a result of her neglected like state makes her a representation of reality in the ‘unrealistic’ and ‘fake’ world of traditional ballroom dancing reliant on flashy costume and heavy make-up, and is what successfully separates her from it. Therefore, as a result of her appearance, her sense of belonging is limited. However, pressures and expectations placed on her to conform to the ideologies of ballroom dancing women instigate her transition from an unattractive woman into a more appealing woman, where she becomes no longer a representation of reality. Liz compliments Fran’s more appealing appearance: â€Å"You look lovely Fran. You have been using that Buff puff I gave you haven’t you?’’ Second person device and rhetorical question is used to reveal to the responder that her physical transformation was a result of living up to the ballroom dancing pressures and expectations of conformity, and not an act from personal decision. Within this scene, medium shot is simultaneously used to emphasise Fran’s now surpassing beauty than her elders and the shot positioning Fran of equal height to Liz, Les and Doug suggests that since now she is at a higher attractive level the balance of power is equal despite age, rank and gender. As they converse, the positive expressions on Fran’s, Les, Liz and  Doug’s face and Fran’s open and confident stance illustrates that this physical transformation into a more appealing image has enriched Fran’s social and physical belonging. (These two paragraphs and conclusion done all in Biology) The restriction’s placed on an individual due to the unavoidable interactions with others and parts of the world limits their sense of personal belonging and can be dealt with escape and interaction with the wider world. The nonfiction extract from Sisters, an Anthology, undergoes the exploration of this idea through the reflection of a narrator’s relationship with her two sisters, Mary and Phoebe and her best friend, Beth. The narrator articulates that the inevitable differing perspectives of her blood-related sisters lead to an incomprehension which further leads to a state in their relationship where â€Å"too much cannot be spoken† as â€Å"too much hangs on whose version prevails†. Hence, this imperfect relationship is contrasted with her relationship with Beth where â€Å"there is not a sliver of difference between us† and â€Å"where I cannot imagine the life I lived before, a world without the most perfect of sisters† to draw out the imperfection and forced nature in terms of the bonds of sisterhood. She has an exile to enrich her sense of personal belonging that is limited at home and finds it with interaction with the landscape and experiences with the world. â€Å"I had a life brimming over with sparkling stories which I sent to them on the back of postcards of shinny harbours and bright reefs. They had drizzle and guinea pigs to bury, and dogs to drag out of the river.† The positive connotation of â€Å"shinny†, â€Å"sparkling† and â€Å"bright† highlights a key and unforgettable moment of the narrators life to the responder whilst these words contrary to death, indicate her feelings of youth and vitality, and hence belonging, which is further contrary to the negative connotation of ‘drag’; that relates to a restriction of choice and images of death. Also, the great vastness, lighter colour and greater height of water of the ‘reef’s’ and ‘harbours’ juxtaposed with the restrictive nature, dullness of the ‘river’ highlights her feelings of freedom and reiterates her vitality and hence again, greater sense of belonging. Overall, this reflects the narrator’s greater sense of belonging in interaction with the wider world, allowed from her exile, rather than the restricted space of sisterhood or unavoidable interactions with others.  The conception of family, appearance and expectations of conformity by the authorities and the world around them negatively and positively affects an individual’s sense of personal belonging.

Kate Chopins Regret :: Chopin Regret Essays

Kate Chopin's Regret The Question: How would you characterize Mamzelle Aurelie based on Chopin's description of her? Make reference to specific details in the story. How does her "inner self" that we see at the end of the story contrast with what we see at the beginning? Kate Chopin's story, "Regret," is about an unmarried, middle-aged woman who is suddenly given the responsibility of caring for a neighbor's small children. In the story, Chopin shows us a strong and independent person whose rough, masculine exterior hides a lonely and tender-hearted woman. Chopin begins the story with a portrait of Mamzelle Aurelie. We know that she is at least middle-aged because she has "hair that was changing from brown to gray" (461). And she has a rugged, masculine appearance. She wears a man's hat and overcoat and even topboots on occasion. She not only looks strong but is strong and capable in her every day life. She has a "determined eye"; she lives "quite alone" except for her dog, Ponto"; she runs a farm and supervises her workers, and she had a gun "with which she shot chicken- hawks" (461). However, the arrival of the neighbors children bring out a different aspect of her character. At first she tries to deal with the children almost as if they were another variety of farm animal. Thus, when they arrive, she determined "a line of action which should be identical with a line of duty," which from her point of view means feeding them. But she soon discovers that "little children are not little pigs" (462). Caring for the children requires that she awaken the feminine and maternal aspects of her nature that had been dormant. Therefore she brings out her white aprons and "got down her sewing-basket" to mend the children's clothes. She washes their feet before bed, tells them stories and even lets the youngest sleep with her.

Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Analysis Essay

Geert Hofstede is a social psycologist, originally from the Netherlands. Hofstede is well known globally for his revolutionary research of multicultural organisations and groups. Perhaps his most important work was developing the theory of cultural dimensions. There are 5 dimensions that Hofstede explains in his framework- these are; Power distance index (PDI), Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), and Long term Orientation versus Short term normative orientation (LTO). Power distance index is the dimension in which a society can understand and accept inequalities that occur in their culture. It is all about the less dominant members of that culture understanding that imbalances politically, financially and racially for example, occur in their world- and the key issue Hofstede focuses on is how these disparities are handles. For a country to yield a large degree of PDI, then the people must recognise that thes e inequalities will occur and accept a hierarchical order. Therefore societies with a low PDI, make every effort to rid of the differences in status or importance and strive to level the distribution of, for example, wealth or power. The example that Hofstede recently gave to illustrate the impact of PDI is the reaction of Chinese authorities to the fact that a Chinese author won the Nobel Prize for peace, explaining that he is a man that the western part of the world would only perceive as a good, virtuous winner of the prize. Due to the authorities reaction he describes them as feeling threatened by the possible share of power, therefore being a place of high PDI. The second dimension that Hofstede describes is Individualism. This can be explained as a preference of a society that only believes they need to look after themselves and their immediate family. The flipside of this, which Hofstede refers to as Collectivism, represents a preference for a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. A society’s position on this dimension is reflected in whether people’s self-image is defined in terms of â€Å"I† or â€Å"we.† The next aspect of his framework is the Masculinity versus Femininity factor. The masculinity feature is where society in whole is very competitive. It is about achievement, success, and prevailing more than others and gaining material rewards for success. The opposite of this that is illustrated is femininity,  which is a society which is more focused on cooperating, caring for the weak and the general concern for quality of life. In the business context Masculinity versus Femininity is sometimes also related to as â€Å"tough versus gender† cultures. The fourth point that Hofstede portrays in his work is Uncertainty avoidance index. This is explained as being the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with doubt and ambiguity. Hofstede explains the key issue here is how a society can deal with or accept the uncertainty of the future and how it cannot be known- it is a question of whether society attempts to control what will happen in the future or just simply let it happen. A country with a low uncertainty avoidance index is the latter; the part of society with more of a laid back and relaxed approach to how the future develops, whereas a country with strong UAI has firm beliefs on codes of conduct and behaviour, in order to be able to influence the future as much as possible. The final dimension that Hofstede uses is the Long term orientation versus short term normative orientation. Societies who score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future. To conclude this exploration of Geert Hofstede’s framework, I believe that all of the points he makes and focuses on are relevant in societies internationally, regardless of specific cultures. For example, the Power Distance index dimension is an issue that occurs all over the globe. There are individuals in every society that have superior power to others, be it financially, politically or just have a greater status in the social order. However the acceptance of these issues can vary from country to country. For example, I would say that North Korea have a very high PDI, as they are governed by a dictatorship where certain individuals have enormous power over the rest of society, and they just get along with it and accept that fact. However in more democratic states; i.e. the UK and the USA the PDI is much lower as society believes much more in equality.

Social Contract Theory of John Locke

Given the honored and extensive authority that the social contract theory upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The view that people’s ethical and political responsibilities are reliant upon a contract between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a prominent truth-seeker among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognized for the creation of his influential social contract theory.Censors dispute that most people are raised within an existing society and not presented with opportunity to opt a social contract; therefore, Locke’s social contract theory is considered invalid. Locke’s refute to the censors alleged that a keen understanding of how social contracts transpire must occur prior to the advancement of individuals in the social order. This paper will entail the social contract theory of John Locke and how the value s identified are consistent with the criminal justice system (Uzgalis, 2007,  ¶11). The State of NatureThe social contract theory commences with the idea of a state of nature; the central idea that criminal justice systems are not in existence. The breakdown of effects result in the lack of protection provided; the inability to instill safety measures; and the neglect of civil rights pertaining to property and to individualized refuge. Public order is in disarray resulting in people relying on self-help methods to resolve differences of opinion. The individuality of existence within a state of nature is one of the primary areas under discussion that differences occur among social contract philosophers.Unlike Thomas Hobbes, John Locke’s colleague in philosophy, whom references a state of nature as a battle of everyone in opposition to one another, Locke references state of nature, not as a circumstance of warfare, but nevertheless a problem. Locke theorizes that a community not possessing access to a normal arbitrator would signify that each person would mediate individual cases. This style of adjudication would create recurrent heated discussions being settled by personal brutality.Despite the different thinking techniques of Locke and Hobbes, the agreement exists that the state of nature would generate a sadistic and apprehensive atmosphere (Reese, 2001,  ¶11-12). The State of Nature is a condition of ideal and inclusive autonomy to manage life in the best method one deems necessary, according to Locke. To add clarity, Locke’s proposal was not to include the freedom to do whatever one desires despite the consequences. Although the State of Nature presents a status that municipal influence and government does not discipline individuals for illegal indiscretions, doctrines remain in subsistence.Furthermore, the State of Nature assumes equivalency to others and is equally skilled to make determinations ensured by, what Locke claims, the foundat ion of decency; the Law of Nature. Locke’s viewpoint is that the Law of Nature was provided to mankind by God with the instructions not to cause injury to one another in regard to physical condition, independence, existence, and property. In Locke’s words, â€Å"Moral good and evil is only the conformity or disagreement of our voluntary actions to some law, whereby good or evil is drawn on us, from the will and power of the law-maker† (Laslett, 1967, p. 8). Locke refutes Hobbes theory by making claim that because God owns every living creature, and every human being is considered equivalent, people are not at liberty to eradicate what belongs to God. The State of Nature works as a set of guidelines allowing people to pursue unreservedly happiness by following personal areas of interest and creating personal diplomacy (2001,  ¶3-4). In this observation the decree is established on God’s determination but strangely, the theory is not consistent with Locke ’s assertion pertaining to the Law of Nature.Locke elaborates that because the State of Nature is reasonably passive; people are entitled to seek this happiness free from hindrance. Although the hypothesis is to some extent contradicting, Locke’s theory does add simplicity to the reasoning of why an unbiased criminal justice system is detrimental to society. Two Treaties on Government Locke surmised in the Two Treaties on Government, 1686, originally people agreed to a governmental social contract to ensure safeguarding of property rights and security from aggression.In lieu of defense, community members presented authorization to the government for verification that community members wished to be presided over. Locke made public the claim that any government official can justifiably be replaced if he or she neglects duties or takes advantage of the position. Locke’s view of righteousness is germane to the debate of the United States Criminal Justice System beca use initiators depended upon Locke’s words of wisdom to direct the assembly of an organization of self-governing supremacy.Undeniably, numerous pieces of the United States Declaration of Independence duplicate portions of Locke’s Second Treatise precisely. For example, citizens are gifted â€Å"with certain unalienable rights . . . governments come about to secure the rights and to gain just powers from the consent of the governed† (Laslett, 1967, p. 61). Locke’s statement pertaining to how disparaging the government can become and the entitlement the community members obtain is also noted in the Declaration of Independence. Locke’s dispute resulted as the starting point for structuring an admired government in addition to a validation for rebellion.Political convictions formerly sustained the proposal of community members providing government requirements. The concept of an innovative social contract in which the government subsisted to provide re quirements of the administration created a novel reflection that upheld Lock’s thoughts, â€Å"a person surrendered to the authority of the state only the amount of freedom necessary to ensure protection of the rights of other citizens† (1967, p. 3-7). The fresh proposal concerning contractual association of the government to community members was a creation of an inventive, rising middleclass (1967, p. 15).Conclusion Based on the preceding theories of the highly regarded John Locke, the values identified within the State of Nature are noticeably consistent with the values of existing day criminal justice system. Although challenging, without the basis of Locke’s hypothesis on social contract, the criminal justice system would lack genuineness and compassion creating an unreceptive environment. Locke’s theory makes current the immeasurable array of associations and connections interlinking people. Social contract theory is undeniably a part of the crimina l justice system at present and in the projected future.Locke’s theory, along with other reputable premises, will forever compel the reflection upon the nature of people and the connection to one another.Reference Laslett, P. (December 1967). Two treaties of government and the revolution of 1688. Locke: Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. (ISBN- 13 : 9780521069038 | ISBN- 10: 0521069033). Reese, R. (September 2001). Social justice theory. Journal of Ethics and Justice. Uzgalis, W. (2007). Historical background and locke’s life. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Social Contract Theory of John Locke Given the honored and extensive authority that the social contract theory upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The view that people’s ethical and political responsibilities are reliant upon a contract between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a prominent truth-seeker among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognized for the creation of his influential social contract theory.Censors dispute that most people are raised within an existing society and not presented with opportunity to opt a social contract; therefore, Locke’s social contract theory is considered invalid. Locke’s refute to the censors alleged that a keen understanding of how social contracts transpire must occur prior to the advancement of individuals in the social order. This paper will entail the social contract theory of John Locke and how the value s identified are consistent with the criminal justice system (Uzgalis, 2007,  ¶11). The State of NatureThe social contract theory commences with the idea of a state of nature; the central idea that criminal justice systems are not in existence. The breakdown of effects result in the lack of protection provided; the inability to instill safety measures; and the neglect of civil rights pertaining to property and to individualized refuge. Public order is in disarray resulting in people relying on self-help methods to resolve differences of opinion. The individuality of existence within a state of nature is one of the primary areas under discussion that differences occur among social contract philosophers.Unlike Thomas Hobbes, John Locke’s colleague in philosophy, whom references a state of nature as a battle of everyone in opposition to one another, Locke references state of nature, not as a circumstance of warfare, but nevertheless a problem. Locke theorizes that a community not possessing access to a normal arbitrator would signify that each person would mediate individual cases. This style of adjudication would create recurrent heated discussions being settled by personal brutality.Despite the different thinking techniques of Locke and Hobbes, the agreement exists that the state of nature would generate a sadistic and apprehensive atmosphere (Reese, 2001,  ¶11-12). The State of Nature is a condition of ideal and inclusive autonomy to manage life in the best method one deems necessary, according to Locke. To add clarity, Locke’s proposal was not to include the freedom to do whatever one desires despite the consequences. Although the State of Nature presents a status that municipal influence and government does not discipline individuals for illegal indiscretions, doctrines remain in subsistence.Furthermore, the State of Nature assumes equivalency to others and is equally skilled to make determinations ensured by, what Locke claims, the foundat ion of decency; the Law of Nature. Locke’s viewpoint is that the Law of Nature was provided to mankind by God with the instructions not to cause injury to one another in regard to physical condition, independence, existence, and property. In Locke’s words, â€Å"Moral good and evil is only the conformity or disagreement of our voluntary actions to some law, whereby good or evil is drawn on us, from the will and power of the law-maker† (Laslett, 1967, p. 8). Locke refutes Hobbes theory by making claim that because God owns every living creature, and every human being is considered equivalent, people are not at liberty to eradicate what belongs to God. The State of Nature works as a set of guidelines allowing people to pursue unreservedly happiness by following personal areas of interest and creating personal diplomacy (2001,  ¶3-4). In this observation the decree is established on God’s determination but strangely, the theory is not consistent with Locke ’s assertion pertaining to the Law of Nature.Locke elaborates that because the State of Nature is reasonably passive; people are entitled to seek this happiness free from hindrance. Although the hypothesis is to some extent contradicting, Locke’s theory does add simplicity to the reasoning of why an unbiased criminal justice system is detrimental to society. Two Treaties on Government Locke surmised in the Two Treaties on Government, 1686, originally people agreed to a governmental social contract to ensure safeguarding of property rights and security from aggression.In lieu of defense, community members presented authorization to the government for verification that community members wished to be presided over. Locke made public the claim that any government official can justifiably be replaced if he or she neglects duties or takes advantage of the position. Locke’s view of righteousness is germane to the debate of the United States Criminal Justice System beca use initiators depended upon Locke’s words of wisdom to direct the assembly of an organization of self-governing supremacy.Undeniably, numerous pieces of the United States Declaration of Independence duplicate portions of Locke’s Second Treatise precisely. For example, citizens are gifted â€Å"with certain unalienable rights . . . governments come about to secure the rights and to gain just powers from the consent of the governed† (Laslett, 1967, p. 61). Locke’s statement pertaining to how disparaging the government can become and the entitlement the community members obtain is also noted in the Declaration of Independence. Locke’s dispute resulted as the starting point for structuring an admired government in addition to a validation for rebellion.Political convictions formerly sustained the proposal of community members providing government requirements. The concept of an innovative social contract in which the government subsisted to provide re quirements of the administration created a novel reflection that upheld Lock’s thoughts, â€Å"a person surrendered to the authority of the state only the amount of freedom necessary to ensure protection of the rights of other citizens† (1967, p. 3-7). The fresh proposal concerning contractual association of the government to community members was a creation of an inventive, rising middleclass (1967, p. 15).Conclusion Based on the preceding theories of the highly regarded John Locke, the values identified within the State of Nature are noticeably consistent with the values of existing day criminal justice system. Although challenging, without the basis of Locke’s hypothesis on social contract, the criminal justice system would lack genuineness and compassion creating an unreceptive environment. Locke’s theory makes current the immeasurable array of associations and connections interlinking people. Social contract theory is undeniably a part of the crimina l justice system at present and in the projected future.Locke’s theory, along with other reputable premises, will forever compel the reflection upon the nature of people and the connection to one another.Reference Laslett, P. (December 1967). Two treaties of government and the revolution of 1688. Locke: Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. (ISBN- 13 : 9780521069038 | ISBN- 10: 0521069033). Reese, R. (September 2001). Social justice theory. Journal of Ethics and Justice. Uzgalis, W. (2007). Historical background and locke’s life. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Five Ways to Look Up

Five Ways to Look Up Five Ways to Look Up Five Ways to Look Up By Maeve Maddox ESL learners have a tough row to hoe when they set themselves to learn English idioms. Note: â€Å"to have a tough row to hoe† = â€Å"to have a difficult task to carry out.† For example, each of the following sentences contains the verb look and the word up, but each conveys a different thought: 1. It’s a surprise! Keep your head down and don’t look up. In this sentence, up functions as an adverb modifying the verb look. In this context, â€Å"to look up,† means, â€Å"to direct one’s gaze upward.† 2. Before you use an unfamiliar word, be sure to look up the meaning. Here, â€Å"to look up† is a phrasal verb with the meaning â€Å"to search for an item of information, or seek information concerning (a person or thing), in a book or database, on the Internet, etc.† 3. Many youngsters look up to professional athletes. In this context, â€Å"to look up to† is a phrasal verb meaning, â€Å"to have a great deal of respect for, to admire, venerate.† 4. While I’m in Chicago, I intend to look up my old college roommate. This colloquial use of â€Å"to look up† means â€Å"to visit or contact a person, especially for the first time or after loss of contact. 5. My financial planner assures me that the economy is about to look up. This idiom is most commonly used in the progressive tense: â€Å"Things are looking up.† The meaning is â€Å"improving, getting better.† From the verb â€Å"look up† (to seek information) comes the noun lookup, a computer term meaning â€Å"the action or process of looking something up in a database.† Lookup is also used as a qualifier: I often  use the Passage Lookup to compare English translations from the NIV, ESV, NASB, and NKJV.   The  lookup feature  allows you to quickly search your contact manager or PIM (personal information manager) for phone numbers to dial. On my iPad, the  lookup feature  isnt working right for certain entries. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Is There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?Shore It Up